History A tax protester, in the United States, is a person who denies that he or she owes a tax based on the belief that the constitution, statutes, or regulations do not empower the government to impose, assess or collect the tax. The tax protester may have no dispute with how the government spends its revenue. This differentiates a tax protester from a America: Freedom to Fascism America: Freedom to Fascism is a 2006 film by Aaron Russo, which alleges among a variety of claims that income tax is illegal The Law that Never Was The Law That Never Was: The Fraud of the 16th Amendment and Personal Income Tax is a 1985 book by William J. Benson and Martin J. "Red" Beckman which claims that the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, commonly known as the income tax amendment, was never properly ratified. In 2007, and again in 2009, Benson's Cheek v. United States Cheek v. United States, 498 U.S. 192 , was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that a tax protester's belief that he was not violating the Federal tax law based on a misunderstanding caused by the complexity of the tax law itself—if a genuine, good faith, actually held belief—would be a valid defense to charges of tax evasion,
Notable tax protesters Irwin Schiff Irwin A. Schiff is a prominent figure in the tax protester movement. Schiff is known for writing and promoting literature that claims the United States income tax is applied incorrectly. He has lost several civil cases against the federal government and has a record of multiple convictions for various federal tax crimes. Schiff is serving a 13- Richard Michael Simkanin Richard Michael Simkanin is a tax protester serving a prison sentence after having been convicted on twenty-nine counts of United States federal tax crimes Robert Clarkson Robert Barnwell Clarkson is an American tax protester in South Carolina. Clarkson graduated in 1969 from Clemson University with a bachelor of arts degree in economics. He served as a platoon leader in the Vietnam War. Clarkson graduated from South Carolina Law School in 1974 · Tom Cryer Tommy K. Cryer, also known as Tom Cryer , is an attorney in Shreveport, Louisiana who was charged with and later acquitted of willful failure to file U.S. Federal income tax returns in a timely fashion Vivien Kellems Vivien Kellems, was a Connecticut industrialist who fought the U.S. federal government for over 25 years over withholding under 26 USC §3402, and other aspects of income tax in the United States. She was also a fervent supporter of voting reform and the Equal Rights Amendment Wayne C. Bentson Bentson operated Western Information Network and the Bentson Group until May 1997. He represented himself as a tax expert and told his clients that they did not need to pay federal income tax Wesley Snipes Wesley Trent Snipes is an American actor, film producer, and martial artist. He has starred in numerous action-adventures, thrillers, and dramatic feature films but is best known for his role as Blade in the Blade trilogy. In 1991, the actor formed a production company titled Amen-Ra Films and a subsidiary, Black Dot Media, to develop projects for
Australia There are many forms of taxation in Australia. Individuals and companies in Australia may be required to pay taxes or charges to all levels of government: local, state, and federal governments. Taxes are collected to pay for public services and transfer payments • British Virgin Islands Taxation in the British Virgin Islands is simple by comparative standards; photocopies of all of the tax laws of the British Virgin Islands would together amount to about 200 pages of paper. Taxation in the British Virgin Islands is mostly notable for what is not subject to taxation. The British Virgin Islands has: Canada The level of Taxation in Canada is average among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Approximately 70% of the Canadian government's income comes from taxation, the rest from tariffs, fees, and investments.[citation needed] • China Taxes provide the most important revenue source for the Government of the People's Republic of China. As the most important source of fiscal revenue, tax is a key economic player of macro-economic regulation, and greatly affects China's economic and social development. With the changes made since the 1994 tax reform, China has preliminarily set up • Colombia Taxation in Colombia is determined by the Congress of Colombia, the Departments of Colombia Assemblies and the Municipalities of Colombia councils, which determine what kind of taxes can be levied and which rates can be applied France Taxation in France is determined by the yearly budget vote by the French Parliament, which determines which kinds of taxes can be levied and which rates can be applied • Germany Taxes in Germany—being a Federal Republic—are levied by the Federation , the States (Laender) as well as the Municipalities (Gemeinden). Many direct and indirect taxes exist, whereof income tax and VAT are the most relevant. The German word for tax is die Steuer which originates from the Old High German word stiura meaning help. It should not • Hong Kong Categories: Taxation in Hong Kong | Hong Kong legislation | India Taxes in India are levied by the Central Government and the State Governments. Some minor taxes are also levied by the local authorities such the Municipality or the Local Council • Indonesia "Pajak" in Indonesian for: tax and taxes whereas "perpajakan" is defined as taxation in Indonesian • Ireland The system of taxation in the Republic of Ireland is broadly similar to the system of taxation in the United Kingdom Netherlands Some of the most important taxes are that of the income tax , the wage withholding tax (Wet op de loonbelasting 1964), the value added tax (Wet op de omzetbelasting 1968) and the corporate tax (Wet op de vennootschapsbelasting 1969) • New Zealand Taxation in New Zealand is collected at a national level by the Inland Revenue Department on behalf of the Government of New Zealand. National taxes are levied on personal and business income, as well as on the supply of goods and services. There is no capital gains tax, although certain "gains" such as profits on the sale of patent Peru The Income tax in Peru is collected by the Superintendencia Nacional de Administración Tributaria, best known as SUNAT. This country uses a system of progressive taxation on personal income, and a flat rate tax on business income • Russia The Russian Tax Code is the primary tax law for the Russian Federation. The Code was created, adopted and implemented in three stages. Part One, enacted July 31, 1998, also referred to as General Part, regulates relationships between taxpayers, tax agents, tax-collecting authorities and legislators: tax audit procedures, resolution of disputes and • Singapore Individual income tax in Singapore forms part of two main sources of income tax in Singapore, the other being corporate taxes on companies. Payable on an annual basis, it is currently based on the progressive tax system , with taxes ranging from 0% to 20% since Year of Assessment 2007. The Year of Assessment (YA) is based on the calendar year Switzerland Taxes in Switzerland are levied by the Swiss Confederation, the cantons and the municipalities. Switzerland is sometimes considered a tax haven due to its general low rate of taxation, its political stability as well as the various tax exemptions or reductions available to Swiss companies doing business abroad, or foreign persons resident in • Tanzania In Tanzania the Income Tax Act, 2004 came into effect in July 2004. This act restructured the income tax system in line with modern requirements and repealed the previous Income Tax Act, 1973. Tax is levied on income from employment, income from business and income from investment. Taxable persons include entities and individuals. An entity can be Thailand • United Kingdom Taxation in the United Kingdom may involve payments to a minimum of two different levels of government: The central government and local government. Central government revenues come primarily from income tax, National Insurance contributions, value added tax, corporation tax and fuel duty. Local government revenues come primarily from grants from United States Taxation in the United States is a complex system which may involve payment to at least four different levels of government and many methods of taxation. United States taxation includes local government, possibly including one or more of municipal, township, district and county governments. It also includes regional entities such as school and • European Union Value added tax , or goods and services tax (GST) is a consumption tax (CT) levied on any value that is added to a product. In contrast to sales tax, VAT is seen as neutral with respect to the number of passages that there are between the producer and the final consumer whereas sales tax is levied on total value at each stage (though in the U.S
Tax rates around the world Comparison of tax rates around the world is difficult and somewhat subjective. Tax laws in most countries are extremely complex, and tax burden falls differently on different groups in each country and sub-national unit. The lists below give an indication by rank of some raw indicators Tax revenue as % of GDP This article lists countries by total tax revenue as a percentage of gross domestic product . 3 sources are used, one for each column. The tax percentage for each country listed in the sources has been added to the chart
Tax protester Sixteenth Amendment arguments are assertions that the imposition of the federal income tax The federal government of the United States imposes a progressive tax on the taxable income of individuals, partnerships, companies, corporations, trusts, decedents' estates, and certain bankruptcy estates. Some state and municipal governments also impose income taxes. The first Federal income tax was imposed during the Civil War, then again in is illegal because the Sixteenth Amendment The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on Census results. This amendment overruled Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895), which limited the Congress's authority to levy an income tax was never properly ratified Ratification is the approval by the principal of an act of its agent where the agent shows authority to legally bind the principal. The term applies to private contract law, international treaties, and constitutional amendments in federations such as the United States and Canada,[1] or that the amendment provides no power to tax income. Proper ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment is disputed by tax protesters A tax protester is someone who refuses to pay a tax on constitutional or legal grounds. Many claim the tax laws are unconstitutional or otherwise invalid. Some refuse to file a tax return or file returns with no income or tax data supplied. Legal commentator Daniel B. Evans has defined tax protesters as people who "refuse to pay taxes or file who argue that the quoted text of the Amendment differed from the text proposed by Congress The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, or that Ohio Ohio ( /ɵˈhaɪ.oʊ/ ) is a Midwestern state of the United States. The 34th largest state by area in the U.S., it is the 7th-most populous with nearly 11.5 million residents. The capital of Ohio is Columbus. Ohio, whose name was derived from the Seneca word ohi:yo’, meaning "large creek," was formed primarily from the Ohio Territory was not a State during ratification.[2] Sixteenth Amendment ratification arguments have been rejected in every court case where they have been raised and have been identified as legally frivolous Frivolous litigation is the practice of starting or carrying on law suits that have no chance of winning. There are both legal and colloquial definitions of the term. In popular usage, lay persons typically call a lawsuit "frivolous" if they personally find a claim to be absurd, regardless of its legal standing. But in official usage, as.
Some protesters have argued that because the Sixteenth Amendment does not contain the words "repeal A repeal is the removal or reversal of a law. This is generally done when a law is no longer effective, or it is shown that a law is having far more negative consequences than were originally envisioned" or "repealed", the Amendment is ineffective to change the law. Others argue that due to language in Stanton v. Baltic Mining Co. Plaintiff John R. Stanton brought suit against the Baltic Mining Company, in which he owned stock, to enjoin the company from paying income tax imposed under the Revenue Act of 1913, the income tax is an unconstitutional direct tax The term direct tax has two meanings: generally, a tax paid directly to the government by the persons on whom it is imposed; and in the United States specifically, a constitutional tax on property "by reason of its ownership". Certain taxes may be direct taxes in the general sense but indirect taxes in the American constitutional sense that should be apportioned (divided equally amongst the population of the various states). Several tax protesters assert that the Congress has no constitutional power to tax labor or income from labor,[3] citing a variety of court cases. These arguments include claims that the word "income" as used in the Sixteenth Amendment cannot be interpreted as applying to wages; that wages are not income because labor is exchanged for them; that taxing wages violates individuals' right to property,[4] and several others. Another argument raised is that because the federal income tax is progressive, the discriminations and inequalities created by the tax should render the tax unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment, which guarantees equal protection under the law. These kinds of arguments have been ruled without merit.
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During his campaign, Paulsen ran on making permanent the tax cuts (PL 107-16, PL 108-27) that Bush pushed into law during his first term, and expressed ...
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Winter Ross Charlton
Sun, 12 Apr 2009 01:04:55 GM
Badnarik believes that the US Constitution does not provide for a federal income . tax. and has posed the . tax protester argument. that the . Sixteenth Amendment. to the United States Constitution was never legally ratified. ...
